The current and next-generation DDR: DDR5 has been developed to deliver performance improvements in speed, efficiency, and memory capacity. But as the standard allows for more data transfer at faster rates, margins decrease. 

Therefore, design work and testing have become more challenging. Bit error rate testers (BERTs), oscilloscopes, probes, and associated compliance software alleviate some of the challenges when working on the physical layer. 

Three types of tests are essential to validate the current and next-generation DDR: 

• DDR5 receiver conformance and characterization
• Physical-layer and compliance testing
• Functional debug, analysis, and protocol compliance.